The Project Gutenberg EBook of Better Meals for Less Money, by Mary Green

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Title: Better Meals for Less Money

Author: Mary Green

Release Date: November 30, 2010 [EBook #34509]

Language: English

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BETTER MEALS FOR LESS MONEY

BY

MARY GREEN

NEW YORK

HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY 1917

COPYRIGHT, 1917,

BY

HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY

PREFACE

With the steadily increasing cost of all staple foods the need of intelligent buying, cooking, and serving is greater than ever before: more money must be spent for food, or more consideration must be given to selecting and using it. For those who would continue to serve their households well, and whose allowance for food has not kept pace with prices, there is only one alternative, and that is, to use more of the cheaper foods, and to prepare and combine them so skilfully that economy shall not be a hardship. Good meals depend not so much upon expensive material as upon care and good judgment in the use of ordinary material. The time-worn boarding-house jokes about prunes and hash mean simply that these foods, in themselves excellent, are poorly prepared and too frequently served.

It is the plan of this book to include a variety of (1) recipes which require only a small amount of meat; (2) recipes for vegetable dishes which can take the place of meat; (3) recipes for the economical use of cereals, dairy products, and other common inexpensive foods; (4) recipes for breads, cakes, and desserts requiring only a small amount of butter and eggs; and (5) recipes for a few relishes, condiments, and other accessories which lend variety and interest. The General Suggestions for Economy (Chapter I) are not all new, but are liable, through disuse, to be forgotten by the present generation. Spasmodic economy counts for little in the long run; only systematic and continued watchfulness is really worth while.

Economy, however, ought not to necessitate the total elimination of one's favorite cuts of steak, nor all of the little luxuries, because by the skilful planning of the majority of the meals the occasional use of these luxuries can be made possible.

This book is not intended as a complete guide to cookery; it presupposes an elementary knowledge of the care and preparation of food.

The study of Tables D and E in the Appendix is especially recommended as an aid to the better understanding of food values.

CONTENTS

I. GENERAL SUGGESTIONS FOR ECONOMY 

II. COMMON WAYS OF COOKING FOOD 

III. APPETIZERS AND RELISHES 

IV. BEVERAGES 

V. SOUPS WITHOUT MEAT 

VI. SOUPS AND STEWS WITH MEAT OR FISH 

VII. CHOWDERS 

VIII. FISH 

IX. MEATS 

X. SAUCES AND STUFFINGS FOR FISH AND MEATS XI. EGGS 

XII. CHEESE AND NUTS 

XIII. VEGETABLES 

XIV. CEREALS, MACARONI, AND RICE 

XV. CROQUETTES AND FRITTERS 

XVI. SALADS AND SALAD DRESSINGS 

XVII. YEAST BREADS, MUFFINS, AND ROLLS XVIII. BAKING POWDER BREADS, MUFFINS, AND BISCUIT XIX. SHORTCAKES AND ROULETTES 

XX. SANDWICHES AND TOASTS 

XXI. GRIDDLE CAKES, WAFFLES, AND SIRUPS XXII. CAKES AND COOKIES 

XXIII. ICINGS AND FILLINGS 

XXIV. HOT DESSERTS 

XXV. COLD DESSERTS 

XXVI. FROZEN DESSERTS 

XXVII. SAUCES FOR DESSERTS 

XXVIII. PASTRIES 

XXIX. FRUITS, COOKED AND UNCOOKED

XXX. CANDIES 

APPENDIX

A. Table of Weights and Measures 

B. Time Table for Cooking 

C. Temperature Table 

D. Table of Caloric Values of Average Portions of Food E. Table of Caloric Values of Raw Food Materials F. Table of Normal Weights for Men and Women G. List of Government Publications on Foods and Cooking INDEX 

Before using recipes see Special Notice on Page 14.

CHAPTER I

GENERAL SUGGESTIONS FOR ECONOMY

PLANNING MEALS

In order to buy, prepare, and serve food to the best possible advantage, an elementary knowledge of the composition and nutritive value of foods, and the necessary food requirement of the family, is essential. Many books are published on these subjects, but from the government publications alone (see page 255) an excellent working knowledge may be obtained. Only the merest outline can be given here, and this should be supplemented by further reading.

Briefly stated, food is divided into three chief classes:[1](1) Protein, which builds and repairs the tissues.[2]It is furnished chiefly by meats, fish, cheese, milk, eggs, cereals, and legumes. (2) Fats, which furnish heat and energy, but are chiefly valuable for storing a reserve supply of fat in the body. They are furnished largely by butter, cream, olive and similar vegetable oils, bacon and other fat meats. (3) Carbohydrates, which furnish heat and energy. They are supplied chiefly by potatoes and other vegetables, cereals, fruits, and sugars.

People who are eating the proper amount and kind of food should approximate the normal weight[3]for their sex, age, and height. For the proper maintenance of the body, a man of average height and weight, of sedentary life,[4]requires daily food which will yield about 2,500 calories;[5] a woman of average height and weight, about 2,300 calories (more or less according to activity). Children between two and five years require from 1,200 to 1,400 calories; between five and ten years, from 1,400 to 1,900 calories; and from ten to fourteen years, from 1,900 to 2,500 calories. Girls between fourteen and seventeen years require from 2,200 to 2,600 calories; and boys between fourteen and seventeen years, from 2,500 to 3,000 calories. Of the total number of calories furnished ten per cent. should be protein, approximately 30 per cent. fat, and 60 per cent. carbohydrates.

Before planning meals the consideration of these caloric requirements and the study of the "Caloric Value of Average Portions of Food" (Table D, page 245) and of the "Fuel Value of Raw Materials" (Table E, page 250) will help in the

selection of foods to yield approximately the desired amount of nutrition. It is not necessary or desirable that the exact amount of each class of foods should be reckoned daily; but by the general study of foods and their nutritive value, and the food requirements of the body, which vary with age, sex, and conditions, the housekeeper may serve her family with the kinds and amount of food best suited to their needs. She should plan to use in a week as large a variety of food as possible, and to avoid an excess of any one class. With a definite idea of the needs of the family, she should take account of the stock in the ice-box and pantry, and see that every bit of food is utilized to advantage. Meals should be planned in detail at least one day in advance, and, if possible, outlined for several days ahead; though these plans must, of course, be varied slightly, at times, according to the amount of left-over material and the exigencies of supply and demand. Each day's programme should be plainly written; any special recipes to be used noted; and a list made of supplies to be ordered. To have the meals planned well in advance and the order list ready saves a deal of nervous energy, time, and money.

MARKETING

If possible, attend personally to your marketing and consider carefully the quality, quantity, and cost of your purchases in relation to the needs of your purse and your household. Ask for what you want, and try hard to get it; but in trying to buy supplies at lowest prices be sure that the time and nervous energy spent are not out of proportion to the amount of money saved.

MEAT

In considering the price of meat, the amount of bone, fat, gristle, and so forth should be taken into account. Many of the coarser and cheaper parts contain as much nutriment as the more expensive cuts, and can, by proper cooking, be made fully as palatable. See that every bit of left-over meat is used to advantage and in a variety of ways; the rinds of bacon and salt pork when cooked with spinach or other greens, or in soups of peas or beans, add both flavor and richness.

THE STOCK POT

All trimmings and bones, both cooked and uncooked, and any left-over bits of

meat or gravy that are not needed for other dishes, should be put into the stock pot, covered with cold water, and simmered (not boiled) with soup vegetables and savory herbs for three or four hours. Almost any left-over vegetable can be added, including macaroni, rice, and the scrapings of the cereal cooker. If the family is small, the cereal cooker itself makes an excellent stock pot: to the remnants of breakfast cereal, add any soup material at hand; cover with cold water; cook slowly; strain; and, if necessary, add one or two bouillon cubes, and a few drops of kitchen bouquet. When soup stock is lacking in richness a small amount of gelatine improves the quality.

The water in which vegetables, macaroni, rice, or any meats, either fresh or salt, are cooked contains valuable mineral matter as well as flavor, and should be added wholly or in part to the stock pot. Order corned meats lightly salted so that all of the stock may be used. Be sure that all fat is removed from soup stock before using. Do not serve greasy soups. When stock must be used before the fat has had time to harden, skim off as much as possible, and remove what remains with clean blotting paper, or a lump of ice wrapped in cheesecloth.

FISH

Fresh fish is offered in variety at all seasons of the year, and is a valuable and comparatively inexpensive food; salted and smoked fish contain much protein in a concentrated form; the canned varieties are important, too, especially for the emergency shelf, as they furnish a substantial, inexpensive food which can be served in many ways at short notice.

GROCERIES

Groceries in sealed packages are, as a rule, slightly more expensive than those sold in bulk; but they are cleaner, often fresher, and more convenient to store and use.

BUTTER AND OTHER SHORTENING

To the taste of the average person, there is no real equivalent for the flavor of fine creamery butter, but, for cooking, excellent results may be obtained by the use of cheaper shortening, beginning with the common household fats which are so often discarded. All drippings from the roasts and fat from boiled meats

should be carefully strained and saved; beef and chicken fat may be used in many recipes, including those for cookies, cakes, meat sauces, soups, and made dishes; bacon fat is excellent for corn cake, meat sauces, and soups of peas, beans, or lentils; sausage fat may be used for gingerbread, cookies, poultry stuffing, and also for frying potatoes and other vegetables, for in these the spicy flavoring is not objectionable. Both bacon and sausage fat and that from soup stock are useful for basting lean roasts, fish, or meat loaf. Any surplus fat, including that of lamb and mutton, should be clarified and added to that in the frying kettle. Fat which cannot be utilized for cooking should be made into kitchen soap.

COOKING FATS—OILS

There are many excellent brands of wholesome cooking fats and oils on the market, including peanut, corn, and cottonseed oil, and compound vegetable fats. Almost any of these costs less than butter.

OLEOMARGARINE

The best oleomargarine is wholesome and economical, and much to be preferred to inferior grades of butter.

MILK

Milk, even at present prices, gives good return in food value. Unsweetened evaporated milk, which is absolutely sterile and clean, costs no more, and in some places costs less, than fresh milk, and can be used to advantage to supplement the supply. Because of its consistency it is an excellent substitute for cream in frozen desserts.

CREAM

When eggs are relatively cheaper than cream, the stiffly beaten white of an egg may be used to advantage to mix with beaten cream. Thin cream whipped with a whip churn is lighter and less expensive than heavy cream beaten.

EGGS

Unless the winter's supply of eggs has been preserved in water glass, guaranteed cold storage eggs will be found satisfactory, and much cheaper than hennery eggs. Only enough for a few days should be bought at a time, however, and they should be kept in a cold place until used. Wash eggs before breaking, and save the shells for clearing boiled coffee, soup, and aspic. For coating croquettes, dilute each beaten egg with one-fourth cup of water or one-third cup of milk; cover unused yolks with water to prevent drying, and pour off water before using. Have both yolk and white of egg cold, so that they may be beaten more quickly; add a pinch of salt to whites of eggs which are to be beaten stiff, and beat in a current of air. Soft-boiled or dropped eggs not used at table should be put back in boiling water, cooked hard, and used for garnishing, egg sauce, etc.

CHEESE

Cheese is nutritious and, even at present prices, economical, as it contains a large proportion of protein in concentrated form. It can be successfully combined with many other foods, and every left-over bit should be so used; when partly dry it should be put through the food chopper, using a fine cutter; when very dry it should be grated and used in sauces, soufflés, soups, and many other dishes. Cheese is more readily digested if a pinch of baking soda is cooked with it. To keep cheese moist and fresh, brush the cut surface with melted paraffin. Save left-over Welsh rarebit for sandwich filling. The shells of Edam or pineapple cheeses should not be thrown away, but be filled with creamed macaroni, spaghetti, or rice, covered with crumbs, and baked in a hot oven.

FRESH VEGETABLES

A variety of vegetables should be served daily, and those which contain a large amount of protein, such as beans, lentils, and peas, should be used not only as an accompaniment to meat, but, in combination with other vegetables, sauces, bacon or other fats, as the substantial dish of the meal.

DRIED VEGETABLES

Dried vegetables should be soaked in cold water for twelve hours or longer, and then cooked slowly until tender; dried julienne should be soaked for twenty-four hours before cooking.

MACARONI, NOODLES, RICE, CEREALS

Macaroni, noodles and similar pastas, rice, and the cereals furnish much nutriment at low cost; oatmeal and corn meal are among our cheapest foods.

Ready cooked cereals, though they are convenient and give variety to the diet, are more expensive than raw cereals well cooked; not only do they yield less food value, but, being dry, they require more cream or milk to make them palatable.

LEFT-OVER VEGETABLES

Left-over vegetables and cereals, even in small quantities, should be saved for use in entrées, desserts, salads, sauces, and soups. Celery tops should be saved for flavoring and garnishing, the root stalk chopped and added to the stock pot, and the outside stalks stewed, creamed, or used for cream soup. The outside leaves of lettuce should be shredded for salad, or, for any large quantity, cooked the same as spinach.

CANNED VEGETABLES

The flavor of canned vegetables is improved if, before being cooked, they are rinsed with cold water and exposed to the air. Parsley and chives may be kept growing in pots in the kitchen window to be used as needed.

SALADS

Salads should be freely used at all seasons, and be made light or nourishing according to the foods served with them. They offer an opportunity to the housekeeper to exercise her ingenuity in combining various vegetables, meats, and fruits, especially left-over bits. Crisp white cabbage, shredded, may be used in place of celery.

SALAD DRESSINGS

Salad dressings need not necessarily be made of olive oil, for there are other good and less expensive vegetable oils well worth using, and many of the cooked salad dressings without oil are excellent.

BREAD

Various kinds of bread should be freely used, especially whole wheat and other cereal breads, and those containing raisins, dates, and prunes. Watch the bread box, and see that every bit of bread is used in some way; the unused crusts should be dried, rolled, sifted, and kept in a covered jar for stuffing, crumbing croquettes, brown bread, puddings, or other dishes in which the color is not objectionable; cold toast or cut slices should be made into croutons, or used for canapés or French toast; other pieces should be used for croustades, or made into crumbs, both coarse and fine, for use in fondues, griddle cakes, omelets, sauces, and soups. Bits of crackers should be dried, rolled, and used the same as bread crumbs.

CAKE

None of the recipes for cake require more than two eggs; many, only one; and some, none at all. Water may always be used in place of milk, and any clean, fresh shortening may be substituted for butter, especially in the recipes which include molasses and spices. These cakes will not keep moist like richer cakes, however, and should be used soon after making.

Slices of stale cake and crumbs should be utilized in making other desserts in combination with custards, ices, preserves, etc.

BAKING POWDER

Do not use more baking powder than is necessary for good results; two level teaspoons to each cup of flour is the usual allowance, but one and one-half teaspoons each to each cup will be sufficient if the muffins, biscuits, or cake are quickly and lightly handled and properly baked.

FLAVORING EXTRACTS

When volatile flavoring extracts are used in cake, much of their strength is wasted during baking; grated rind or spices could well be used in their place, or only the icing or filling flavored. All desserts, whenever practicable, should be flavored when cold.

COLORING

The small package of red coloring which comes with gelatine is useful for coloring cakes, icings, and other desserts as well as jellies.

FRUITS

Fruits, either fresh, dried, or preserved, should be served at least once a day; dried fruits, such as apricots, peaches, and prunes, should be soaked in cold water for twelve hours or longer and then cooked slowly until tender. Raisins, dates, and figs yield a large food value at comparatively low cost. Bananas, which contain more nutriment than most fresh fruits, should be used for salads or desserts when the other courses are light. In cooking acid fruits, such as cranberries, plums, and cherries, less sugar is required if added after cooking. Parings and cores from quinces and apples can be made into excellent jelly; the rinds of watermelons are the foundation of a delicious sweet pickle; orange and grape fruit peel, when candied, are well worth the trouble of making. Surplus orange, lemon, and grape fruit peels, when dried, are not only useful for flavoring, but make an interesting and aromatic fuel for the fire-place; the nut meat found in prune stones tastes much like that of bitter almonds and can be used in place of them.

When making jelly remember that the pulp of the fruit after the juice has dripped from it may be made into excellent marmalade: cover with water, heat to boiling point, press through a sieve, add three-quarters of the amount of sugar, and cook until thick.

CANDIES

In spite of its cost, candy is now classed by many with the necessities rather than with the luxuries. After a little practice even the most elaborate candies can be successfully made at home, and the difference between the cost of a pound of the best ready-made candy and the cost of the raw materials is astonishing. For those who can spare the time, candy-making will prove both fascinating and economical. Recipes for a few after-dinner candies are given.

CONDIMENTS

A small supply of condiments and relishes, including kitchen bouquet, ketchup, and sweet herbs, and one or two table sauces, should be kept in stock, as they make possible a greater variety of flavors. Many home-made sauces and relishes can be easily and quickly prepared and are usually much cheaper than the ready made varieties.

CANDLE STUBS

Candle stubs should be melted, strained through cheesecloth, and used for sealing ketchup, jellies, and preserves.

GARNISHINGS

Any dish, attractively garnished and served, pleases the eye, stimulates the appetite, and often lifts a simple meal out of the commonplace. Parsley, mint, celery tops, red and green peppers, olives, pickles, capers, cooked beets and carrots, hard-cooked egg, lemon cut in various shapes, nuts, cherries, and other small fruits are all effective if not too lavishly used.

UTENSILS

A reasonable equipment of kitchen utensils and a convenient, systematic arrangement of them will save time and strength. Kitchen scales are almost indispensable, and a cooking thermometer eliminates guesswork, especially in boiling sugar and heating fat for frying. Pans, molds, and cutters of various shapes prevent monotony; suitable baking dishes and covered casserole dishes simplify both cooking and serving; and food cooked or served in individual dishes is often more attractive. When the cogs of the egg beater slip, do not discard it, but tighten the rivet; keep knives well sharpened. Cream jars, jugs, bottles, or any other containers for which a charge is made, should be promptly returned to be credited.

FUEL

Do not waste fuel; concentrate your cooking; when a hot oven is needed for roasting meat or baking bread, plan to cook at the same time other things which require a high temperature; potatoes can be cooked in the pan with the meat;

other vegetables and fruits can be cooked in the oven; and if a coal fire is used, a variety of food can be cooked in a steamer on top of the range without extra fuel.

Have the ashes sifted and save the cinders, which yield a quick top heat.

Economize gas by using the minimum amount necessary to keep food cooking at the desired temperature. When the boiling point is reached a small supply of gas will maintain the temperature.

Fireless cookers save much fuel and unnecessary heat, and are especially useful for any food which requires long, slow cooking, or for those foods of strong odor which so often scent up the whole house.

SPECIAL NOTICE

All ingredients in these recipes should be measured level, and the standard teaspoon, tablespoon, and half-pint measuring cup should be used.

Unless otherwise stated, one apple, onion, orange, etc., means one of medium size.

Sift flour before measuring, and fill cup lightly. Use pastry flour, unless otherwise directed, for thickening soups and sauces, and in all recipes where baking powder is used; use bread flour in all recipes where yeast is used.

The majority of these recipes are planned to serve four persons; those for chowders and other dishes which form the substantial part of the meal are sufficient for second helpings; those for cakes, muffins, and other breads are large enough to be served more than once.

CHAPTER II

COMMON WAYS OF COOKING FOOD

Baking is cooking in confined heat in the oven. Examples: bread, cake, meat. This method when applied to meat is commonly called roasting. Before baking, see that the oven is clean and heated to the desired temperature.

Boiling is cooking by immersion in water at 212° F. Examples: potatoes, cabbage, macaroni.

Braising is a combination of stewing on the top of the range, and baking in the oven, with or without vegetables. Examples: tough meats, fowl, whole liver.

Broiling or Grilling is cooking over or under direct heat, as over glowing coals or under a gas flame. Examples: steak, chops.

Fricasseeing is commonly a combination of stewing and sautéing. Examples: fowl, forequarter of lamb or veal.

Frying is cooking by immersion in hot deep fat. Examples: doughnuts, croquettes.

Pan-baking or Pan-broiling is cooking in a lightly greased or ungreased hot frying pan or griddle. Examples: steak, English muffins, griddle cakes.

Pot Roasting is cooking in an iron kettle or earthen pot in a small amount of water, after meat has been quickly browned in a small amount of fat in the frying pan or kettle. Cook slowly until very tender, with or without vegetables.

Roasting is cooking before an open fire. This method is seldom used in small households, although the baking of meats is commonly called roasting.

Sautéing is cooking in a small amount of fat in a shallow pan on top of range. Examples: sliced fish, meat, potatoes, eggs.

Simmering is cooking in liquid at 185° F. The bubbles should always be below the surface. Examples: ham, corned beef, soups.

Steaming. Dry Steaming is cooking by heat of steam, as in double boiler or tin,

over or surrounded by boiling water. Examples: rice, brown bread. Moist Steaming is cooking by direct contact with steam as in a steamer or colander, over boiling water, closely covered. Examples: fowl, puddings, dumplings.

Stewing is cooking slowly in a small amount of water (about 160° F.) until food is very tender. Examples: beef, lamb, vegetables.

CHAPTER III

APPETIZERS AND RELISHES

1.—COCKTAIL SAUCE

¼ cup tomato ketchup ½ teaspoon salt

1 tablespoon bottled horseradish 1 teaspoon Worcestershire sauce 2 tablespoons vinegar Dash of cayenne

Mix, and serve in four small glasses or lemon shells, with six small clams or oysters in each. Shrimps, prawns, or lobster may be used instead of clams or oysters.

2.—ASHEVILLE CANAPÉS

Peel and cut small tomatoes in quarter-inch slices; cut thin rounds of bread the same size as tomatoes; toast bread, spread with Mustard Butter (see No. 459), or salad dressing, and cover with a slice of tomato; season lightly with salt and pepper, and cover with thin slices of cooked chicken livers. Garnish with parsley.

3.—CLUB CANAPÉS

Mix devilled ham with a little grated cheese; spread on thin rounds of brown bread, and mark into quarters with finely chopped pickle. Chop fine the white of a hard-cooked egg, and cover two opposite quarters; press the yolk through a sieve, and cover the remaining quarters.

4.—CRAB MEAT CANAPÉS

1 cup crab meat 1 teaspoon Worcestershire sauce

¼ teaspoon paprika 1 tablespoon lemon juice

½ teaspoon salt ½ teaspoon horseradish

¼ teaspoon mustard

Chop crab meat, mix well with seasonings, and spread on thin rounds of untoasted brown bread. Garnish with small cube of lemon.

5.—MOCK CRAB CANAPÉS

1 cup canned corn 1 teaspoon anchovy paste

¼ teaspoon salt 2 tablespoons grated cheese

1/3 teaspoon paprika

Use one cup of corn which has been drained from its juice; put through food chopper, using the finest cutter; add seasonings and cheese, and spread on small rounds of toast. Garnish with small pickles sliced lengthwise.

6.—GLOUCESTER CANAPÉS

Cook a small haddock roe in boiling salted water for fifteen minutes, remove skin, mash, add a tablespoon of butter, half a teaspoon of anchovy paste, one fourth teaspoon of paprika, and enough cream to moisten; add salt if necessary. Mound on small rounds of toast, and garnish with sliced pickles and parsley.

7.—TUNA CANAPÉS

1 cup tuna fish ½ tablespoon olive oil

1 tablespoon tomato ketchup ½ teaspoon salt

1 tablespoon lemon juice ¼ teaspoon paprika

Chop fish, add seasonings, and spread on small rounds of lightly toasted bread. Garnish with sliced pimolas.

8.—CELERY RELISH

Cut large white stalks of celery in two-inch lengths, fill with cream cheese which has been seasoned with salt, pepper, and Worcestershire sauce. Garnish with a small piece of celery top.

9.—CHEESE AND APPLE RINGS

1 large tart apple 1 teaspoon Worcestershire sauce

½ cup soft cheese cut fine Dash of cayenne

1/8 teaspoon salt 2 tablespoons cream

Pare and core apples, and cut in one-third-inch slices; mix cheese with seasonings and cream, beat to a paste, and spread or force through a rose tube on apple rings. Dust with paprika.

10.—SPANISH CHEESE

Cook together one and a half cups of soft or grated cheese with one-fourth cup of chili sauce until the cheese is melted. Serve immediately on toasted crackers or rounds of toast, as an appetizer or savory.

11.—CANTALOUPE COCKTAIL

2 cups cantaloupe Juice of ½ lemon

1/3 cup preserved ginger 2 tablespoons powdered sugar

Cut melon in small cubes, or in balls (using a potato cutter). Add chopped ginger, lemon juice, and sugar, and serve very cold.

12.—FRUIT COCKTAIL

2 tart apples 1 teaspoon lemon juice

1 large banana 4 tablespoons powdered sugar

2 oranges

Cut apples and bananas in small cubes; remove pith and seeds from oranges, cut pulp in small pieces, and add with juice to apples and bananas; add lemon juice and sugar, place in a shallow dish, and put directly on ice for ten minutes to chill; serve in glasses, and garnish with a Preserved Cranberry (see No. 670), or a spoonful of Mock Bar-le-Duc (see No. 666). Peeled Tokay or Malaga grapes and a little grated pineapple may be added to advantage.

13.—WINTER CHILI SAUCE

1 can tomatoes 1/8 teaspoon cayenne

2 onions finely chopped ½ teaspoon cinnamon

1/3 cup brown sugar ¼ teaspoon clove

1½ teaspoons salt 1/3 cup vinegar

1 teaspoon paprika

Mix, and simmer about half an hour or until thick.

14.—PICCALILLI

3 quarts green tomatoes 2 quarts vinegar

3 quarts ripe tomatoes 1 quart sugar

2 red peppers 1 teaspoon cinnamon

3 onions ½ teaspoon clove

½ cup salt 4 tablespoons white mustard seed

Put vegetables through the food chopper, using coarse cutter; sprinkle with salt, let stand over night, and drain; add other ingredients, and cook about forty-five minutes.

15.—TABLE SAUCE

12 ripe tomatoes ¼ teaspoon pepper

1 onion 1 cup vinegar

3 green peppers 1 teaspoon ground clove

2 tablespoons sugar 1 teaspoon ground cinnamon

1½ tablespoons salt 2 teaspoons mustard

1 teaspoon paprika

Wipe tomatoes, cut in halves, and put in a clean, smooth preserving kettle; add onion and peppers sliced, and seasonings; simmer two hours, and press through a sieve; return to kettle, simmer one hour, and seal in jars or bottles; when cool, dip tops in paraffin. This may be used in place of ready-made sauce.

16.—TOMATO KETCHUP

1 peck ripe tomatoes ½ cup whole mixed spices

3 onions 1 clove of garlic

½ cup salt 1/3 cup dry mustard

2 teaspoons cayenne 1 quart vinegar

2 tablespoons paprika 1 cup brown sugar

Wipe tomatoes, cut in halves, and put in a smooth, clean preserving kettle; add onions sliced, cook slowly for one hour, and press through a sieve; add salt, cayenne, and paprika; tie mixed spices, garlic, and mustard in double cheesecloth, add to tomatoes, and cook rapidly until mixture begins to thicken; boil vinegar and sugar together while tomatoes are cooking; add them to strained tomato; cook until ketchup is thick, or until water will not separate from it when tried on a plate. Remove spice bag, seal in sterilized jars or bottles, and when cool dip tops in melted paraffin.

17.—SMALL CUCUMBER PICKLES (Gherkins)

Wash thoroughly, count, and for every hundred cucumbers allow one cup of salt. Cover with boiling water. Let stand twenty-four hours; then drain. Fill quart preserve jars with cucumbers, then add two tablespoons of mixed whole spices, a piece of alum the size of a pea, and boiling vinegar to fill the jar. Seal, and let stand a week before using. The boiling water should be measured, as an equal amount of vinegar will be needed.

18.—PEPPER HASH

6 green peppers 1 quart vinegar

6 red peppers 1 cup brown sugar

6 onions 2 tablespoons salt

1 small white cabbage 2 tablespoons mustard seed

Remove seeds from peppers and chop fine with the onion and cabbage. Put in cheesecloth, scald with boiling water, and squeeze dry; heat vinegar, sugar, salt, and mustard seed, add vegetables, and bring to the boiling point. When cool, put in a stone crock or small jars.

19.—PICKLED NASTURTIUM SEEDS

Into one quart of cider vinegar put three tablespoons salt and five or six slices of horseradish root. Pour into a jar and cover closely. Add the seeds as they ripen. Use in salads, sauces, or for garnishing as a substitute for capers.

CHAPTER IV

BEVERAGES

20.—COFFEE, EGG, AND MILK

2 eggs 1½ teaspoons instantaneous coffee

2½ tablespoons sugar 3 cups milk

Few grains salt

Beat the eggs until light; add the other ingredients, and strain into glasses. Serve very cold. (This recipe fills four tumblers.)

21.—GRAPE JUICE (Unfermented)

Pick over and wash grapes, barely cover with water, and cook until soft and white; drain through cheesecloth, and to each quart of juice add one cup each of water and sugar; bring to boiling point, skim, bottle, and cork tightly. When cold, dip corks into melted paraffin.

22.—GRAPE EGGNOG

1 egg ¼ cup milk

1/3 cup grape juice Nutmeg

1 teaspoon powdered sugar

Beat egg until very light, add grape juice and sugar, and beat again, add milk, beat well, pour into a glass, and dust with nutmeg.

23.—GINGER PUNCH

1¼ cups sugar 2 teaspoons Jamaica ginger

1 quart boiling water ½ cup orange juice

Grated rind 1 lemon 1/3 cup lemon juice

Boil sugar and water with the lemon rind for ten minutes; when cool, add ginger and fruit juice, and strain over cracked ice.

24.—GINGER ALE PUNCH

½ cup mint leaves 1 cup boiling water

1¼ cups sugar 2 pints ginger ale

Juice of 3 lemons 1 pint grape juice

Pour boiling water over mint leaves, sugar, and grated rind of one lemon, and let stand until cool; strain into a punch bowl containing ice, add ginger ale, grape juice, and strained lemon juice; garnish with sprigs of mint.

25.—MINT JULEP (Ginger Ale)

¾ cup sugar 4 sprigs mint

1 cup water 1 pint ginger ale

Juice of 3 lemons

Boil sugar and water ten minutes, and cool; add strained lemon juice, mint leaves bruised, and ginger ale; half fill glasses with crushed ice, add julep, and garnish with a sprig of mint.

26.—MINT LEMONADE

1 cup sugar 1 cup mint leaves

6 cups water Juice of 3 lemons

Boil sugar and water twenty minutes; add mint, and let stand until cold; add lemon juice, and strain into glasses half filled with cracked ice. Garnish with sprigs of mint.

27.—TEA

Tea should be made from freshly drawn, freshly boiled water, poured over the

dry tea, which has been put into a clean, scalded teapot. Cover with a cozy or stand on back of range for three or four minutes. Allow from a half to a full teaspoon of tea to each cup, according to the variety used. The finer varieties made from the first pickings require less than the coarser kinds. Be sure that tea does not boil. Serve with sugar, cream, lemon, cloves, mints, ginger, or bits of candied fruit.

28.—ICED TEA

Fill a large glass two-thirds full with cracked ice, add two thin slices of lemon with seeds removed, two teaspoons of powdered sugar, and fill with freshly made hot tea. One or two mint leaves may be added.

29.—FILTERED COFFEE

½ cup pulverized coffee 4 cups boiling water

Put coffee into bag or filter, add boiling water gradually; pour through a second time, or even a third time if liked strong. Do not boil. Serve with hot milk and cream. Wash coffee pot and bag thoroughly, and dry in the sun if possible; renew bag often.

30.—AFTER-DINNER COFFEE

½ cup pulverized coffee 2 cups boiling water

Put coffee into a filter coffee pot, add boiling water, and filter three times. Serve very hot.

31.—CAFÉ AU LAIT

To recipe for After-dinner Coffee (see No. 30) add one and a half cups of hot milk.

32.—COCOA

4 teaspoons cocoa 2 cups boiling water

2 tablespoons sugar 2 cups hot milk

1/8 teaspoon salt

Mix cocoa, sugar, salt, and boiling water, and boil five minutes; add hot milk, and beat with egg beater until frothy.

33.—CHOCOLATE

1½ squares chocolate 2 cups boiling water

¼ cup sugar 2 cups hot milk

1/8 teaspoon salt

Melt chocolate in a saucepan over hot water; add sugar, salt, and boiling water; stir well, and boil five minutes; add hot milk, and beat with egg beater until frothy. Evaporated milk makes excellent chocolate or cocoa. For marshmallow chocolate put two marshmallows in each cup and pour hot chocolate over them.

CHAPTER V

SOUPS WITHOUT MEAT

34.—ASPARAGUS SOUP

When fresh asparagus is served as a vegetable, cook the tough ends in the same water, which should be lightly salted. Press through a sieve, add the water, and for each three cups add one-half teaspoon of onion juice and one cup of hot milk. Thicken with one tablespoon of butter and two tablespoons of flour blended together. Add pepper, and salt if necessary.

35.—PURÉE OF BLACK BEANS

1 cup black beans ¼ teaspoon mustard

1 quart cold water 1 tablespoon bacon fat

1 slice bacon 1 tablespoon flour

½ onion 1 hard-cooked egg

1 teaspoon salt Lemon slices

½ teaspoon paprika

Soak beans over night in cold water; drain; add one quart of water, bacon, and onion, and cook three hours or until beans are soft, replacing water which cooks away; press through a sieve; add seasonings, and thicken with bacon fat and flour blended together. Serve with a thin slice of egg and lemon in each plate. Corned beef stock is an excellent substitute for water, but if it is used salt should be omitted.

36.—BAKED BEAN SOUP

2 cups cold baked beans 2 tablespoons flour

1½ cups tomatoes ½ teaspoon salt

2 slices onion 1/8 teaspoon pepper

4 cups cold water 1 tablespoon tomato ketchup

1 tablespoon butter

Simmer beans, tomatoes, onion, and water for half an hour, and press through a sieve; thicken with butter and flour blended together; add seasonings, and serve with fried croutons.

37.—PURÉE OF RED KIDNEY BEANS

Follow recipe for Purée of Black Beans (see No. 35), using red kidney beans in place of black beans.

38.—DRIED LIMA BEAN SOUP

1 cup lima beans 1 cup milk

6 cups cold water 1 teaspoon salt

½ onion sliced 1 teaspoon Worcestershire sauce

½ carrot sliced 1 tablespoon bacon fat

½ bay leaf 2 tablespoons flour

Soak beans over night; drain; add cold water, onion, carrot, and bay leaf, and simmer an hour and a half or until beans are soft; press through a sieve, add milk and seasonings, and thicken with bacon fat and flour blended together. Serve with croutons.

39.—CAULIFLOWER SOUP

To three cups of the water in which cauliflower has been cooked add one-half teaspoon of onion juice and one cup of hot milk. Thicken with one tablespoon of butter and two tablespoons of flour blended together. Season with cayenne, and salt if necessary. Add a few left-over bits of cauliflower, and serve with croutons or crisp crackers.

40.—CREAM OF CELERY SOUP

1 cup celery tops 1/8 teaspoon pepper

½ cup chopped celery 3½ cups boiling water

2 slices onion 1½ cups hot milk

¼ cup rice ½ tablespoon butter

1½ teaspoons salt

Cook celery, onion, rice, seasonings, and boiling water for half an hour; press through a sieve; add hot milk and butter, and serve with crisp crackers.

41.—CREAM OF CORN SOUP

1 can corn 1 teaspoon salt

½ onion ¼ teaspoon paprika

2 cups boiling water 1 tablespoon butter

2 cups hot milk 2 tablespoons flour

Chop corn and onion, add water, and simmer twenty minutes; press through a sieve, forcing through all the corn possible; add milk and seasonings, and thicken with butter and flour blended together.

42.—CHEESE SOUP

2 cups milk 2 tablespoons flour

2 cups boiling water ½ cup grated cheese

1 onion sliced 1 egg well beaten

½ bay leaf 1 teaspoon salt

1 tablespoon butter Dash of cayenne

Scald milk, water, onion, and bay leaf twenty minutes; skim out onion and bay leaf, thicken milk with butter and flour cooked together; add cheese, egg, and seasonings, and stir until cheese melts.

43.—FRUIT SOUP

3 pears Juice of ½ lemon

3 apples 1/8 teaspoon cinnamon

4 cups boiling water 3 tablespoons honey or sugar 1 tablespoon granulated tapioca

Chop fruit, add water, cook until tender, and press through a sieve; add tapioca, and cook until clear; add lemon juice, cinnamon, and honey. Serve hot or cold with toast sticks.

44.—OATMEAL SOUP

¾ cup cooked oatmeal 2 cups hot milk

½ onion sliced 1 teaspoon salt

2 cloves 1/8 teaspoon celery salt

½ bay leaf 1/8 teaspoon pepper

2 cups boiling water ½ tablespoon butter

Cook oatmeal, onion, cloves, and bay leaf in boiling water for twenty minutes, and press through a sieve; add milk, seasonings, and butter, and serve with croutons.

45.—POTATO SOUP

3 potatoes sliced ¼ teaspoon pepper

¼ cup celery tops 2 cups hot milk

½ onion 1 tablespoon butter

2 cups boiling water 2 tablespoons flour

1¼ teaspoons salt

Cook potatoes, celery, onion, and water twenty minutes; press through a sieve; add seasonings and hot milk, and thicken with butter and flour blended together.

46.—CREAM OF PEA SOUP

1 can peas 1/8 teaspoon pepper

1 slice onion 2 cups boiling water

Bit of bay leaf 2 cups hot milk

Sprig of parsley 1 tablespoon butter

1 teaspoon sugar 2 tablespoons flour

1¼ teaspoons salt

Rinse the peas with cold water, and reserve one-fourth cup; simmer the remainder with seasonings and hot water for twenty minutes, and press through a sieve; thicken the milk with butter and flour blended together, and add to peas. Add the whole peas just before serving.

47.—PURÉE OF SPLIT PEAS

½ cup split peas 1/8 teaspoon pepper

4 cups water or ham stock 1 tablespoon bacon fat

2 slices onion 1 tablespoon flour

1 cup hot milk

Soak peas over night in cold water, and drain; add water or stock, and onion, and simmer about three hours or until peas are soft; press through a sieve; add milk and pepper, and thicken with bacon fat and flour blended together. Serve with croutons. If water is used in place of stock, add two slices of bacon and one and a quarter teaspoons of salt.

48.—RICE AND TOMATO SOUP

1 can tomatoes 1 tablespoon sugar

½ onion 2 cups boiling water

½ bay leaf 1/8 teaspoon soda

3 cloves 2 tablespoons bacon fat

1 teaspoon salt 2 tablespoons flour

¼ teaspoon paprika ½ cup cooked rice

Simmer tomatoes, seasonings, and water half an hour; press through a sieve, and add soda; melt bacon fat, and cook with flour until brown; add to soup, and stir until smooth; add rice, and serve.

49.—TOMATO BISQUE

2 cups tomatoes 1 teaspoon sugar

1 slice onion 1½ teaspoons salt

Bit of bay leaf 1/8 teaspoon pepper

2 cloves 3 cups hot milk

1 cup boiling water 2 tablespoons butter

¼ teaspoon soda 3 tablespoons flour

Simmer tomatoes, onion, bay leaf, cloves, and water for twenty minutes, and press through a sieve; add soda, sugar, salt, and pepper; thicken milk with butter and flour blended together, and add to tomato just before serving. Serve with croutons.

50.—TOMATO BOUILLON

1 can tomatoes ½ bay leaf

2 cups water 1½ teaspoons salt

½ cup onion Dash of cayenne

½ cup carrot 1 teaspoon sugar

1 cup celery tops 2 tablespoons tomato ketchup

6 cloves

Simmer all ingredients except tomato ketchup for half an hour, strain through double cheesecloth, add ketchup, and serve either very hot or very cold. The tomato pulp should be pressed through a sieve and used for flavoring other soups or sauces.

51.—TOMATO AND OATMEAL SOUP

½ can tomatoes 1 teaspoon salt

3 cups hot water 1 teaspoon sugar

2 slices onion 1/8 teaspoon soda

¼ bay leaf 1/8 teaspoon pepper

3 cloves 1 teaspoon butter

½ cup rolled oats

Heat tomatoes, water, onion, bay leaf, and cloves to boiling point; add oatmeal gradually, and cook for forty-five minutes; press through a sieve; add seasonings and butter, and serve with croutons.

52.—TOMATO AND PEANUT SOUP

1½ cups stewed and strained tomatoes ¼ teaspoon paprika

½ cup peanut butter 2½ cups boiling water ¾ teaspoon salt

Add tomatoes gradually to peanut butter, and when smooth add seasonings and water; simmer ten minutes, and serve with croutons. Well seasoned soup stock may be substituted for the water; if so, use less salt.

53.—WINSOR SOUP

2 potatoes 1 tablespoon butter

1 white turnip 2 tablespoons flour

¼ cup celery tops 1½ teaspoons salt

2 slices onion 1/8 teaspoon pepper

2½ cups boiling water 2 tablespoons tomato ketchup

1½ cups hot milk

Pare and slice potatoes and turnip, add celery tops, onion, and boiling water, cook half an hour, and press through a sieve; add hot milk, thicken with butter and flour blended together, season, and serve with croutons.

54.—VEGETABLE SOUP

½ cup leeks 1 cup half-inch potato cubes

½ cup carrots 1 cup hot milk

1 cup cabbage 1 teaspoon salt

2 tablespoons beef drippings ¼ teaspoon pepper

3 cups boiling water 1 tablespoon chopped parsley

Cut leeks into slices, carrots and cabbage into small pieces, or put through the food chopper, and cook in beef drippings for ten minutes, stirring often; add boiling water and potatoes, and cook twenty minutes, or until vegetables are tender; add milk and seasonings, and serve with croutons.

CHAPTER VI

SOUPS AND STEWS WITH MEAT OR FISH

55.—CREAM OF CHICKEN SOUP

3 cups chicken stock Salt

1 slice onion 1/8 teaspoon pepper

¼ cup celery tops 2 tablespoons chicken fat or butter

1 cup hot milk 3 tablespoons flour

Cook stock, onion, and celery for fifteen minutes, and strain; add hot milk and seasonings, and thicken with chicken fat and flour blended together. The amount of salt will depend upon the quantity in the stock. Celery salt may be used in place of celery tops.

56.—CHICKEN AND OKRA SOUP

1 quart chicken stock 1 cup tomatoes

1 tablespoon grated onion ½ can okra

1/8 teaspoon celery salt 2 tablespoons rice

½ green pepper chopped

Heat stock to boiling point, add other ingredients, and simmer half an hour or until rice is tender. Add salt if necessary. Ham stock in place of chicken stock makes an excellent soup.

57.—CLAM BISQUE

1 pint clams 1/8 teaspoon pepper

1 cup water 2 cups hot milk

1 slice onion 1 tablespoon butter

1/8 teaspoon soda 2 tablespoons flour

¼ teaspoon celery salt 1 teaspoon chopped parsley

1 teaspoon salt

Remove necks and gills from clams, and chop fine; simmer with the soft part of clams, water, and onion for fifteen minutes; add soda and seasonings; thicken the milk with the butter and flour cooked together; add to clams, sprinkle with parsley, and serve at once.

58.—CLAM BOUILLON

1 pint clams ¼ teaspoon celery salt

2 cups cold water Dash of cayenne

¾ teaspoon salt

Chop clams, add cold water, and simmer fifteen minutes; add seasonings, and strain through double cheesecloth. Serve in cups with or without whipped cream; or pour over the stiffly beaten white of one egg.

59.—CLEAR SOUP

¼ cup chopped carrot 1 quart boiling water

¼ cup chopped onion 1 teaspoon beef extract

¼ cup chopped turnip 1 teaspoon salt

2 cloves Dash of cayenne

Small bit bay leaf Few drops kitchen bouquet

Cook vegetables, cloves, bay leaf, and water for half an hour, and strain through double cheesecloth. Add extract, salt, cayenne, and kitchen bouquet. Four bouillon cubes may be used in place of extract, and the salt, cayenne, and bouquet omitted.

60.—JULIENNE SOUP (Bouillon Cubes)

2 tablespoons onion ¼ teaspoon salt

2 tablespoons carrot 4 cups boiling water

2 tablespoons white turnip 3 bouillon cubes

Cut vegetables into fine shreds an inch long, add salt and boiling water, and cook until tender; add bouillon cubes, and salt if necessary. Two tablespoons of tomato ketchup may be added.

61.—MOCK TURTLE SOUP

2 pounds knuckle of veal 1/8 teaspoon pepper

½ pound liver 2 tablespoons beef drippings

1 onion 4 tablespoons flour

1 carrot 1 teaspoon sugar

½ bay leaf 1 tablespoon vinegar

½ cup celery tops ¼ teaspoon kitchen bouquet

2 quarts water 1 hard-cooked egg

2 teaspoons salt

Wash meat, add vegetables cut fine, and boiling water, and cook slowly for four hours; remove meat, strain stock, remove fat, and add salt and pepper; cook drippings, flour, and sugar together until brown; add to stock, and stir until smooth; add vinegar, kitchen bouquet, and one-half cup each of liver and veal cut in small pieces. Serve a slice of egg in each plate. The left-over meat may be used for hash, croquettes, etc.

62.—MUSHROOM SOUP

¼ pound mushrooms 1/8 teaspoon pepper

3 cups stock Salt

1 slice onion 2 tablespoons butter

1 cup hot milk 4 tablespoons flour

Wash mushrooms, chop stems, simmer with stock and onion for twenty minutes, and press through a sieve, reserving two or three whole caps; add milk, pepper, and salt if necessary; thicken with butter and flour blended together. Cut mushroom caps into bits, and add to soup.

63.—ONION SOUP

1 slice bacon 2 cups hot milk

3 onions sliced 1 teaspoon salt

½ green pepper chopped fine Dash of cayenne

1 sprig parsley 1 tablespoon bacon fat

1 clove 2 tablespoons flour

2 cups boiling water 2 tablespoons grated cheese

Cut bacon in small pieces and cook with onions and green pepper five minutes; add parsley, clove, and boiling water; simmer half an hour, and press through a sieve; add milk and seasonings, and thicken with bacon fat and flour blended together; add cheese just before serving.

64.—OYSTER STEW

1 quart oysters ¼ teaspoon paprika

1 quart milk 2 tablespoons butter

1½ teaspoons salt

Pick over oysters to remove bits of shell, and cook in their own liquor until plump, skimming when necessary; scald milk, add seasonings and butter, and mix with oysters. Serve with oyster crackers.

65.—OYSTER AND CELERY BOUILLON

1 cup chopped celery tops 1 pint small oysters

1 slice onion 1 teaspoon salt

½ bay leaf ¼ teaspoon paprika

3 cups boiling water White of 1 egg

Simmer celery, onion, bay leaf, and water for fifteen minutes; add oysters finely chopped, and simmer ten minutes; strain through double cheesecloth; season with salt and paprika, and pour over the stiffly beaten white of egg. Serve in cups. Or serve without the egg, put a spoonful of whipped cream in each cup, and sprinkle with paprika.

66.—SALMON BISQUE

1 small can salmon 1 tablespoon butter

2 cups water 2 tablespoons flour

1 slice onion 1 teaspoon salt

Bit of bay leaf 1/8 teaspoon pepper

2 cups hot milk

Separate salmon into flakes, add water, onion, and bay leaf; simmer for fifteen minutes, and remove onion and bay leaf; scald milk, thicken with butter and flour blended together; add seasonings, and mix with salmon. Serve with oyster crackers.

67.—SOUP STOCK

Use the liquid in which any meat has been cooked. Season well with vegetables; if brown stock is wanted, add a small amount of kitchen bouquet or caramel, and a little beef or vegetable extract. (See suggestions for the Stock Pot, page 4.)

68.—TOMATO TAPIOCA SOUP

2 cups tomato 1¼ teaspoons salt

3 cups hot water ¼ teaspoon pepper

1 slice onion 1 teaspoon sugar

½ bay leaf 2 cubes beef extract

4 cloves 2 tablespoons granulated tapioca

Mix the tomato and seasonings with the hot water; simmer for fifteen minutes, and rub through a sieve; add beef extract and tapioca, and cook fifteen minutes. Serve with croutons.

69.—TUNA FISH SOUP

2 tablespoons grated carrot ¼ teaspoon paprika

1 tablespoon grated onion 1 teaspoon chopped parsley

2 cups boiling water ½ teaspoon Worcestershire sauce

2 cups hot milk 1 cup tuna fish

¼ cup sifted crumbs ½ tablespoon butter

1 teaspoon salt

Cook vegetables, water, and milk in the double boiler for twenty minutes; add crumbs, seasonings, tuna fish separated into flakes, and butter; cook five minutes.

70.—BEEF STEW

2 pounds shoulder trimmings 3 potatoes sliced

2 quarts boiling water 1 cup tomatoes

1 onion 2½ teaspoons salt

1 carrot 1/8 teaspoon pepper

1 white turnip 1/3 cup flour

Cut beef in pieces for serving, add water, and simmer two hours; put onion, carrot, and turnip through the food chopper, using coarse cutter, and add to meat; add potatoes, tomatoes, and seasonings, and cook forty-five minutes; thicken with flour mixed to a paste with cold water. Serve with Dumplings (see No. 72).

71.—IRISH STEW WITH DUMPLINGS

2 pounds forequarter lamb 1 carrot

2 quarts boiling water 1 small white turnip

2 teaspoons salt 4 potatoes

1/8 teaspoon pepper 4 tablespoons flour

1 onion

Cut meat in small pieces, and trim off most of fat; cover with boiling water, and simmer for one hour; add salt and pepper, onion, carrot, and turnip cut in small cubes, and cook one hour; pare and slice potatoes, add to stew, and cook twenty minutes; thicken with flour mixed to a paste with cold water; add Dumplings (see No. 72), cover, and cook twelve minutes.

72.—DUMPLINGS

1 cup flour 2 teaspoons baking powder

¼ teaspoon salt ½ cup milk or water

Sift flour, salt, and baking powder, and mix to a soft dough with milk; drop by spoonfuls upon boiling stew; cover closely, and cook twelve minutes.

73.—LAMB BROTH WITH SPAGHETTI

1 quart lamb stock 1/8 teaspoon pepper

½ cup tomato 1/3 cup spaghetti

1 tablespoon chopped onion 1 cup bits of lamb

1 tablespoon chopped carrot

Remove fat from stock; add vegetables, pepper, and (if necessary) salt; heat to boiling point, add spaghetti, and cook half an hour. Add meat just before serving.

74.—SCOTCH BROTH

2 pounds neck of mutton 2 white turnips

2½ quarts cold water 2 carrots

¼ cup pearl barley 2 teaspoons salt

2 onions ¼ teaspoon pepper

Wash mutton, cover with cold water, heat to boiling point, and simmer slowly for two hours; let stand over night. Soak barley in cold water over night. In the morning, remove fat from stock, remove meat from bones, and strain stock; if water has evaporated, add enough to make two and a half quarts; heat stock to boiling point, add seasonings, barley, and vegetables, which have been pared and cut into small cubes. Cook for one hour, add meat, and cook slowly one hour longer.

CHAPTER VII CHOWDERS

75.—CLAM CHOWDER

1/3 cup half-inch cubes salt pork 1½ teaspoons salt

1 onion sliced 1/8 teaspoon pepper

2 cups boiling water 3 cups hot milk

4 cups potatoes cut in half-inch cubes ¼ cup sifted crumbs

1 quart clams

Cook salt pork and onion slowly for ten minutes; add boiling water, and strain into chowder kettle; add potatoes, and cook twenty minutes; remove necks of clams, chop fine, add with the soft part to the potatoes, and cook ten minutes; add seasonings, hot milk, and crumbs, and serve with pilot crackers. The salt pork and onion may be served in the chowder if preferred.

76.—CORN CHOWDER

1/3 cup half-inch cubes salt pork 1½ teaspoons salt

1 onion sliced ¼ teaspoon paprika

3 cups boiling water 1 can corn chopped

3 cups thinly sliced potatoes 2 cups hot milk

¼ teaspoon celery salt 6 common crackers split

Cook salt pork and onion together slowly for ten minutes; add boiling water, and strain into chowder kettle; add potatoes and seasonings, and cook about fifteen minutes or until potatoes are tender; put corn into a strainer, drain the juice into the kettle, and chop the corn, using finest cutter; add to chowder; add hot milk and crackers; and cook five minutes. The bits of pork and onion may be left in the chowder if desired.

77.—CORN AND TOMATO CHOWDER

¼ pound salt pork chopped fine ¼ teaspoon pepper

1 onion chopped fine ½ can corn

1 green pepper shredded 2 cups hot milk

3 cups boiling water 1 tablespoon butter

½ can tomatoes 2 tablespoons flour

3 potatoes sliced 6 common crackers split

2 teaspoons salt

Cook pork, onion, and pepper slowly for ten minutes; add water, tomatoes, potatoes, salt, and pepper, and cook until potatoes are tender; add corn and milk, and thicken with butter and flour blended together. Add crackers (which have been moistened in cold water), and simmer for five minutes.

78.—FISH CHOWDER

3 pounds haddock 1/8 teaspoon pepper

½ cup half-inch cubes salt pork 1 tablespoon butter

1 onion sliced 3 tablespoons flour

1 quart cold water 2 cups hot milk

4 cups thinly sliced potatoes 6 common crackers split

2 teaspoons salt

Order skin and bones removed from fish at market, and have them delivered with fish and head; cook salt pork and onion together slowly for ten minutes; add fish head, skin, and bones, cover with cold water; cook for twenty minutes, and strain into chowder kettle; add the fish (cut in two-inch pieces), potatoes, salt, and pepper, and cook twenty minutes; thicken milk with butter and flour blended together, and mix with chowder; add crackers (which have been moistened in cold water), and cover for five minutes. Cod, hake, white fish, or any firm fish may be used in place of haddock.

79.—OYSTER CHOWDER

3 potatoes cut in half-inch cubes 1 pint small oysters

1 onion chopped fine 1½ teaspoons salt

¼ cup celery chopped fine 1/8 teaspoon pepper

2 tablespoons bacon fat 2 cups hot milk

3 cups boiling water ¼ cup sifted crumbs

Cook potatoes, onion, celery, and bacon fat in boiling water for fifteen minutes; add oysters, salt and pepper, and cook five minutes; skim; add hot milk and crumbs, and serve with pilot crackers.

80.—POTATO CHOWDER

Follow recipe for Corn Chowder (see No. 76), cooking one-half cup of finely chopped carrot with the potatoes, and leaving out the corn.

81.—SALMON CHOWDER

1/3 cup half-inch cubes salt pork 3 cups hot milk

1 onion sliced 1 can salmon

3 cups boiling water 2 tablespoons sifted crumbs 4 potatoes cut in half-inch cubes 1 beaten egg

1½ teaspoons salt ½ teaspoon salt

¼ teaspoon paprika 1/8 teaspoon pepper

1/3 cup flour ¼ teaspoon onion juice

Cook salt pork and onion slowly for ten minutes; add boiling water, and strain into chowder kettle; add potatoes and seasonings, and cook twenty minutes; mix flour to a smooth paste with cold water; add to milk, cook five minutes, and add to potatoes. Chop the salmon, add crumbs, egg, salt, pepper, and onion juice, and mix well; shape into balls about an inch in diameter, add to chowder, and cook ten minutes. Serve with pilot crackers.

82.—SALT FISH CHOWDER

Follow recipe for Corn Chowder (see No. 76), using one cup flaked salt fish in place of corn. The fish should be soaked in cold water for one hour, drained, and simmered in the chowder five minutes.

83.—VEGETABLE CHOWDER

1/3 cup half-inch cubes salt pork 1 quart boiling water

1 onion finely chopped 3 cups hot milk

1½ cups half-inch potato cubes 2 teaspoons salt

1 cup half-inch parsnip cubes ¼ teaspoon pepper

½ cup carrot chopped ¼ cup dried bread crumbs

½ cup white turnip chopped 1 teaspoon chopped parsley Cook pork and onion five minutes; add vegetables and water, and cook about

twenty minutes or until vegetables are tender; add milk, seasonings, crumbs, and parsley. Four common crackers, split, may be used in place of bread crumbs.

CHAPTER VIII

FISH[6] 

84.—BAKED COD STEAKS

Wash and dry four slices of cod steak, season with salt and pepper, put in baking pan, and pour around them one-half cup of water and one tablespoon of shortening; bake twenty-five minutes, basting often. Remove skin and bone, and pour over fish either Cheese Sauce (see No. 188) or Egg Sauce (see No. 195). Sliced halibut may be baked in the same way.

85.—BAKED STUFFED HADDOCK

Wash and dry a three-pound fish, fill with Fish Stuffing (see No. 210), and sew together. Place on a rack in a dripping pan, season with salt and pepper, dredge with flour, and cover with thin slices of salt pork; bake in a hot oven forty-five minutes, basting often. Until pork begins to try out, baste with two tablespoons of drippings melted in quarter of a cup of boiling water. Serve with Egg Sauce (see No. 195) and French Fried Potatoes (see No. 270).

86.—BOILED HALIBUT

Order two pounds of halibut cut near the tail; wash, cover with boiling water, add one tablespoon each of salt and vinegar, and boil about twenty-five minutes, skimming when necessary; drain, remove skin, and serve with Egg Sauce (see No. 195) or Cheese Sauce (see No. 188).

87.—FRIED FILLETS OF FLOUNDER

Have skin and bone removed from two medium-sized flounders; divide each piece of fish lengthwise, making eight fillets; wash and dry, brush with melted butter, and season with salt and pepper; roll, fasten with skewers, roll in flour, dip in egg, roll in crumbs, and fry in deep fat from five to seven minutes. Serve

with Sauce Tartare (see No. 202).

88.—FISH SAUTÉED WITH SALT PORK

Cut one-quarter pound of salt pork in thin slices, try out in frying pan, and remove scraps to platter. Cut cod, haddock, white fish, or any similar fish into one-inch slices; wash, season with salt and pepper, dip in corn meal, and sauté on each side in pork fat about seven minutes, or until brown.

89.—BROILED OYSTERS

Select large oysters, season lightly with salt and pepper, dip in melted butter, and then in cracker crumbs. Place on a well-greased oyster broiler, and broil about three or four minutes, turning often. Serve very hot with lemon butter.

90.—OYSTERS WITH BROWN SAUCE

1 pint oysters 1/8 teaspoon celery salt

3 tablespoons bacon fat 1/8 teaspoon pepper

5 tablespoons flour ¼ teaspoon kitchen bouquet

Stock or milk 1 teaspoon Worcestershire sauce

½ teaspoon salt

Cook oysters until edges ruffle; drain, and save the liquor; melt bacon fat, add flour, and stir until brown; to the oyster liquor add enough milk or stock to make two cups; add to flour and fat, and stir until smooth; add seasonings and oysters, stir until hot, and serve on toast or in Croustades (see No. 473) or Patty Shells (see No. 621).

91.—CREAMED OYSTERS

1 pint small oysters ¾ teaspoon salt

2½ tablespoons butter ¼ teaspoon paprika

5 tablespoons flour ¼ teaspoon celery salt

Milk

Cook oysters in their own liquor until plump; drain, and measure the liquor; melt butter, add flour, and blend well; add oyster liquor, and enough milk to make two cups; stir until smooth, add seasonings and oysters, and serve on toast. Garnish with toast points and sliced pickles.

92.—CREAMED OYSTER PIE

Bake a Pie Shell (see No. 622), fill with Creamed Oysters (see No. 91), and cover with a meringue made of the stiffly beaten whites of two eggs, one teaspoon sugar, one-eighth teaspoon salt, two small sour pickles, and one canned sweet pepper (pickles and pepper wiped dry and chopped fine). Bake in a moderate oven about ten minutes, or until meringue is well risen and brown.

93.—OYSTERS AND MACARONI

Arrange two cups of cooked macaroni and one pint of small oysters in layers in a buttered baking dish; season each layer with salt and pepper, and dredge with flour; cover with Buttered Crumbs (see No. 472), and bake in a hot oven twenty minutes. One-fourth cup of grated cheese may be added.

94.—OYSTER SHORTCAKE

Follow recipe for Shortcake (see No. 441); fill, and cover top with Creamed Oysters (see No. 91). Garnish with parsley and thin slices of lemon.

95.—PANNED OYSTERS

Heat and butter individual egg shirrers, or other fireproof dishes which can be sent to the table; put in a piece of buttered toast, cover with oysters, season lightly with salt and pepper, and bake in a hot oven about ten minutes, or until the edges ruffle. Garnish with toast points and lemon, and serve very hot.

WARMED-OVER FISH

96.—CREAMED FISH

1 cup milk 2 tablespoons flour

1 slice onion ½ teaspoon salt

1 slice carrot 1/8 teaspoon pepper

Bit of bay leaf 1½ cups flaked fish

1 tablespoon butter ½ cup buttered crumbs

Scald milk with onion, carrot, and bay leaf for fifteen minutes; strain; melt butter, add flour, and blend well; add milk, and stir until smooth; add seasonings and fish; turn into a greased baking dish, cover with crumbs, and bake in a hot oven fifteen minutes. Or arrange a border of mashed potato on a platter, and turn the creamed fish into the center, omitting the crumbs.

97.—FISH AND POTATO PIE

Line a deep greased dish with well-seasoned mashed potato to a thickness of one inch; fill to within one inch of the top with Creamed Fish (see No. 96); cover with potato, brush with melted butter, and bake in a hot oven until brown. Garnish with parsley and lemon.

98.—FISH TIMBALES

1½ cups hot milk ½ teaspoon salt

1 tablespoon butter ½ teaspoon grated onion

4 cup dried and sifted bread crumbs 1 beaten egg

¼ teaspoon paprika 1½ cups cold flaked fish

Scald milk, add other ingredients in order given; turn into greased individual molds and bake in a slow oven until firm; turn out upon serving dish and pour around them Cheese Sauce (see No. 188).

99.—CREOLE SALMON

2 tablespoons bacon fat 1 cup hot milk

1 green pepper finely chopped ¼ teaspoon paprika

1 onion finely chopped ½ teaspoon salt

½ cup tomato 1 can salmon

1/8 teaspoon soda

Cook pepper and onion in bacon fat for five minutes; mix tomato and soda, and add to vegetables; bring to boiling point, and add seasonings and milk; add salmon, which has been rinsed with hot water and separated into flakes. Serve with a border of boiled rice.

100.—DUTCH SALMON

2 tablespoons bacon fat 1 teaspoon salt

4 cups cabbage coarsely chopped 1/8 teaspoon pepper

¼ cup boiling water 1 can salmon

Heat bacon fat in frying pan, add cabbage, and cook five minutes, stirring frequently; add water and seasonings, and cook fifteen minutes or until cabbage is tender. Rinse salmon with hot water, separate into flakes, and add to cabbage.

101.—SALMON LOAF

1 cup dried bread crumbs 1 cup boiling water

1 teaspoon salt 1 beaten egg

¼ teaspoon pepper 1 can salmon flaked

1 teaspoon onion juice

Mix in order given, put in greased mold, and steam one-half hour. Serve with white sauce to which has been added the juice of half a lemon. To free salmon of the oily taste, place in a sieve, and rinse with hot water before flaking. Tuna fish may be used in place of salmon.

102.—SALMON AND PEAS SOUFFLÉ

1 cup hot milk ¼ teaspoon paprika

¾ cup soft bread crumbs 1½ cups flaked salmon

1 tablespoon butter ½ cup peas

½ teaspoon salt Whites of 2 eggs

Cook crumbs, butter, and seasonings in the hot milk for three minutes; add the salmon and peas; fold in the whites of the eggs, which have been beaten very stiff; put in a greased baking dish, and bake about twenty-five minutes in a

moderate oven.

103.—FRIED SCALLOPS

Wash one pint of deep sea scallops, and cut each scallop into quarters; scald with boiling water, drain, season with salt and pepper, dredge with flour, dip in egg, and then in crumbs, and fry in deep fat about two minutes; drain on soft paper, and serve with Sauce Tartare (see No. 202).

104.—LOUISIANA SHRIMPS AND RICE

2 tablespoons beef drippings 1 teaspoon salt

1 onion finely chopped ¼ teaspoon paprika

3 tablespoons flour 2 cups cooked rice

1 cup stewed and strained tomato 1 cup cooked shrimps cut in pieces 1½ cups stock or water

Cook onion in fat for five minutes, add flour, and stir until well blended; add tomatoes and stock, and stir until smooth; add seasonings, rice, and shrimps.

SALT AND SMOKED FISH

105.—FINNAN HADDIE BAKED IN MILK

Wash fish, and soak in lukewarm water for half an hour; put in baking pan, add one-half cup each of milk and water, and bake about twenty-five minutes, basting often. Remove to platter, spread with butter, and strain liquid in the pan over fish.

106.—BAKED HERRING

Arrange smoked, boned herring on pieces of entire wheat bread; place on platter, and pour hot milk over them, allowing three-quarters of a cup for six slices of bread. Brown in a hot oven.

107.—BAKED SALT MACKEREL (Spiced)

Soak mackerel in cold water for twelve hours; drain, and rinse with cold water. Place in a granite baking pan, sprinkle with one-fourth teaspoon each of clove, allspice, cinnamon, and pepper; add one-half cup each of vinegar and water; bake in a moderate oven one hour, basting frequently.

108.—SALT FISH BAKED WITH CRACKERS

1 cup flaked fish 2 cups milk

4 butter crackers 1 tablespoon butter

Cold water A few grains pepper

1 egg slightly beaten

Split crackers, put with fish in a baking dish, cover with cold water, and soak over night or for several hours; drain, press out water, add other ingredients, and bake about twenty-five minutes in a moderate oven.

109.—BROILED FINNAN HADDIE

Wash well, and soak in lukewarm water half an hour; dry, brush with melted butter, and broil for fifteen minutes, turning often; spread with butter, sprinkle with lemon juice, and serve very hot.

110.—BROILED SALT CODFISH

Select thick pieces of fish, and soak over night in cold water; drain, dry, brush with melted butter, and broil over a moderate fire ten minutes, turning often. Spread with soft butter.

111.—BROILED SMOKED HERRING

Soak herring in cold water half an hour; drain, pour boiling water over skin side, and soak for ten minutes; remove skin, place on a greased broiler, and cook over a clear fire about eight minutes, turning frequently; spread with a little Mustard Butter (see No. 459), and sprinkle with lemon juice.

112.—BROILED SMOKED SALMON

Soak salmon in cold water for twenty-four hours, changing the water once; drain, dry, place on a greased broiler, and broil over a moderate fire about five minutes on each side, turning often. Spread with soft butter and sprinkle with lemon juice.

113.—CREAMED CODFISH

1½ cups hot milk 1 cup salt codfish flaked

3 tablespoons flour ½ tablespoon butter

1/8 teaspoon pepper

Thicken milk with flour which has been mixed to a paste with cold water, add pepper, and cook fifteen minutes; soak codfish for two hours in lukewarm water, separate into small flakes, add to sauce, and simmer five minutes; add butter just before serving. One beaten egg or one hard-cooked egg chopped may be added. Serve with baked potatoes.

114.—FISH CAKES WITH PORK SCRAPS

1 package shredded codfish 1 egg well beaten

2 cups hot mashed potato 2 tablespoons milk

1/8 teaspoon pepper ¼ pound salt pork

Soak fish in lukewarm water fifteen minutes; drain, and squeeze in cheesecloth; add potato, pepper, egg, milk, and salt if necessary; beat well, shape into small flat cakes, and roll in flour; cut pork in thin slices, and try out in frying pan; when crisp, but not burnt, remove to platter; cook fish cakes in fat in pan until brown, and serve with a piece of pork on each.

115.—FISH BALLS

Follow recipe for Fish Cakes (see No. 114), but shape slightly with a tablespoon, and cook in deep fat one minute.

116.—FISH HASH

Follow recipe for Fish Cakes (see No. 114), but omit the egg and add double the

quantity of milk. Try out pork and remove scraps to platter; spread hash in frying pan with the fat, and stir well; cook slowly until well browned. Fold double, and serve with pork scraps.

117.—SALT CODFISH SOUFFLÉ

1 cup shredded codfish 2 tablespoons butter

2 cups mashed potato (hot or cold) Dash of pepper

Yolks of 2 eggs Whites of 2 eggs

Soak the fish in lukewarm water for ten minutes; drain and dry thoroughly; mix with the potato; add egg yolks, which have been beaten very light, and the butter and pepper. Beat well, and fold in the whites of the eggs, which have been beaten stiff and dry. Put in a greased baking dish, and bake about twenty minutes in a moderate oven. Half of a green pepper and a slice of onion may be chopped and cooked in the butter, and added to the potato and fish.

118.—SPANISH CODFISH

1 onion 1½ cups tomatoes

1 green pepper ¾ cup salt codfish

2 tablespoons bacon fat ¼ teaspoon salt

Chop onion and pepper, and cook in the bacon fat about five minutes; add the tomatoes and simmer ten minutes; add codfish, which has been flaked and freshened in lukewarm water, and salt if necessary. Simmer two minutes and serve with border of boiled rice.

CHAPTER IX

MEATS[7] 

119.—PRESSED BEEF

Wash a four-pound piece of beef flank or any other of the cheaper cuts. Cover with boiling water, bring to boiling point, and skim; slice and add two carrots, two onions, and one white turnip; cook slowly for four hours or until meat is very tender; add two teaspoons of salt when half cooked; pack meat solidly into a deep bread pan, putting the grain of the meat lengthwise; place pan in a shallow pan to catch the overflow, put an empty bread pan on top of meat, and press with two heavy flatirons; let stand in a cool place over night. Strain the stock, and use for soups or sauces.

120.—PRESSED CORNED BEEF

Select a four-pound piece of shoulder or lean end of brisket lightly corned; wash well, cover with boiling water, and cook slowly for four hours; pack and press as for Pressed Beef (see No. 119). The heat should not be above the simmering point (185° F.): if the water boils the meat will be tough.

121.—ROAST BEEF

The most economical cuts of beef for roasting are the shoulder, the face of the rump, and the chuck ribs; they are all of good flavor and fairly tender. When ordering a shoulder roast, have an inch slice cut off to broil. The chuck roast should be ordered boned and rolled, and the bones sent with it. Wipe beef with cheesecloth, place skin side down on a rack in a roasting pan suitable for the size of the roast; dust with salt and pepper, dredge with flour, and cook in a hot oven, basting every ten minutes. When half roasted, turn over, dredge with flour, and finish cooking. For a medium-cooked roast allow seventeen minutes for each pound of meat. The oven should be very hot for the first fifteen minutes, after which the heat should be reduced.

122.—POT ROAST OF BEEF

A small aitchbone or a solid piece from the shoulder weighing about five pounds makes an economical roast. Wash, dry, season with salt and pepper, dredge with flour, and brown quickly in a hot frying pan or Scotch kettle; place in kettle, half cover with water, cover closely, and cook slowly four hours; when half cooked, season with salt and pepper; add four small onions, two carrots, and one white turnip cut in quarters; when cooked place meat on platter with vegetables around it; remove fat from gravy, and thicken with flour mixed to a paste with cold water, allowing one-fourth cup of flour to two cups of gravy. Color with a few drops of kitchen bouquet if necessary.

123.—SHIN OF BEEF WITH CREOLE SAUCE

4 pounds shin of beef ½ onion chopped

½ onion sliced ¼ teaspoon celery salt

½ carrot sliced ¼ teaspoon paprika

2 cups tomato ½ teaspoon salt

1 green pepper chopped 4 tablespoons dried bread crumbs

Wash meat, sprinkle with salt and pepper; put into an iron kettle or earthen crock; add onion and carrot; cover closely, and bake in a slow oven four hours. Remove meat from the bone; skim fat from stock. Cook tomatoes, pepper, onion, and seasonings twenty minutes; add stock, crumbs, and meat. The meat cooks in its own juice and will be very tender.

124.—STUFFED SHIN OF BEEF

4 pounds shin of beef 1 small white turnip

1 onion ½ teaspoon salt

1 carrot 1 quart boiling water

Have the bone removed and cracked; finely chop vegetables and stuff into beef; place on a trivet in kettle with the bone; add boiling water, and cook slowly for four hours. Skim when necessary. Remove meat, and thicken gravy with flour mixed to a paste with cold water, allowing one-fourth cup flour to two cups gravy. Color with a few drops of kitchen bouquet.

125.—TO BROIL STEAK

Wipe steak, trim off superfluous fat, place on a greased broiler with fat towards the handle, and broil over a clear fire or under a gas flame. Turn four or five times during the first minute, and then occasionally. For steak an inch and a half thick, medium cooked, allow twelve minutes to broil. Season with salt and pepper, and spread with soft butter. A slice from the shoulder is a good and inexpensive cut.

126.—BROILED FLANK STEAK

Follow directions for broiling steak (see No. 125), but, as flank steak is thinner, broil only seven or eight minutes. Season with salt and pepper, spread with one tablespoon of soft butter and one tablespoon of tomato ketchup.

127.—STEAK COUNTRY STYLE

1½ pounds flank steak 1/3 teaspoon salt

4 onions 1/8 teaspoon pepper

1 tablespoon flour ¼ cup boiling water

Pound the steak with a meat pounder or a wooden potato masher to break the tough fibers. Sear quickly on each side in a very hot frying pan; peel and chop onions, dredge with flour, and put in pan with the steak; add salt and pepper; cover closely, and cook slowly an hour and a half. Put steak on platter, add boiling water to onions, and pour around steak. Serve with hashed brown potatoes.

128.—BROILED CHOPPED BEEF

Put one pound and a half of any of the cheaper cuts of beef through the meat chopper; season with pepper and salt, and pat lightly into a flat cake an inch thick; place carefully on a greased broiler, and broil about eight minutes for a medium-cooked steak. Spread with soft butter.

129.—HAMBURG MEAT CAKES

1 pound beef 1 teaspoon salt

1 thin slice salt pork 1/8 teaspoon pepper

¼ cup dried crumbs ½ cup milk

Use any of the cheaper cuts of beef; put through the meat chopper with the salt pork, add crumbs, seasoning, and milk; mix well, shape into small flat cakes, roll in flour, and sauté slowly in beef drippings until brown, allowing ten minutes for each side. Remove meat to platter; add two tablespoons of flour to the fat in the pan, and stir until brown; add one-fourth teaspoon each of mustard, salt, and paprika, and one cup of boiling water. Stir until smooth, and pour around meat cakes. One teaspoon of grated onion may be added to meat.

130.—BEEF AND BACON CAKES

1 pound flank of beef ½ cup water

3 slices bacon ¼ teaspoon salt

¼ cup dried bread crumbs Dash of cayenne

Put meat and bacon through chopper; add crumbs, water, and seasonings; mix well, form into small flat cakes, and sauté in bacon fat.

131.—BEEF LOAF

2 pounds shoulder trimmings chopped 1½ teaspoons salt

¼ pound salt pork chopped 3 common crackers rolled fine ½ teaspoon pepper 1 cup milk

Mix in order given and bake in a deep pan about two hours in a slow oven. Serve hot with Tomato Sauce (see No. 203) or Creole Sauce (see No. 191), or serve cold, sliced. One teaspoon of poultry seasoning may be added if desired.

132.—CASSEROLE OF BEEF

1 pound of shoulder trimmings 1 tablespoon pearl tapioca

1 tablespoon flour 1¼ teaspoons salt

2 potatoes ¼ teaspoon paprika

1 carrot 1 tablespoon tomato ketchup

1 onion Cold water

Cut beef into inch pieces, sear quickly in hot frying pan, dredge with flour, and put into casserole; cut potatoes into cubes or balls; put carrot and onion through meat chopper; mix vegetables, and add to meat; add tapioca and seasonings, cover with cold water (a little of the water should be put into the frying pan to obtain all the flavor of the meat, and then added to the rest). Cover, and bake slowly two and a half hours. Any of the other cheaper cuts of meat may be used. Serve with spinach or cold slaw.

133.—CREAMED DRIED BEEF WITH CHEESE

¼ pound dried beef 1 cup milk

1½ tablespoons butter 2 tablespoons grated cheese

2 tablespoons flour 2 tablespoons ketchup

Cut beef in small pieces, cover with boiling water, let stand five minutes, and drain; melt butter, add beef, and stir until hot; add flour and milk, and stir until smooth; add cheese and ketchup, and stir until cheese is melted. Serve with baked potatoes.

134.—AMERICAN CHOP SUEY

2 tablespoons bacon fat 1 cup cooked spaghetti

1 onion finely chopped ½ teaspoon salt

¾ pound flank beef chopped fine 1/8 teaspoon pepper

1 can condensed tomato soup

Cook onion and beef in fat until brown; add tomato, spaghetti, and seasonings, and simmer ten minutes.

135.—BROWN FRICASSEE OF LAMB

2 pounds forequarter lamb 2 white turnips

2 quarts boiling water 2 carrots

1½ teaspoons salt 5 tablespoons flour

2 onions ¼ teaspoon kitchen bouquet

Cut lamb in pieces the size of a chop, trim off nearly all fat, add boiling water, heat to boiling point, and skim; add salt and vegetables (left whole), and simmer for two hours; remove meat, season with salt and pepper, dredge with flour, and sauté with two tablespoons of fat in a hot frying pan until brown; to the fat in the pan add the flour, and stir until brown, add two cups of stock, and stir until smooth; color with kitchen bouquet, add pepper, and salt if necessary. Slice vegetables, and serve with meat. Use left-over stock for soups or sauces.

136.—CASSEROLE OF LAMB

1½ pounds forequarter lamb ¼ teaspoon pepper ½ cup each white turnip, carrot, and onion finely chopped 1½ teaspoons salt 1 cup tomato 3 cups hot water 2 tablespoons rolled oats

Remove fat and cut meat into inch pieces; put into a casserole with vegetables, oats, seasonings, and water, and cook in a moderate oven two hours.

137.—LAMB CHOPS

Chops from the forequarter are much cheaper than loin or kidney chops. They contain more bone, but are tender and of good flavor, if well cooked. Cook the same as Lamb Cutlets (see No. 138). The time of cooking may vary slightly according to the thickness of the meat.

138.—LAMB CUTLETS

Have a small forequarter of lamb cut in pieces for serving; select the best pieces, trim, and skewer into shape. Season lightly with salt and pepper, dip in egg and crumbs, and fry in deep fat about seven minutes; or dip in flour, and sauté on each side about ten minutes; or broil on each side about five minutes. The rest of the forequarter can be used for fricassee, Scotch broth, croquettes, and many other dishes.

139.—ROLLED ROAST OF LAMB

Order a small forequarter of lamb boned and rolled; have the bones sent with the meat; wash bones and meat, put bones in kettle, put meat on top; add one sliced onion, one sliced carrot, one bay leaf, and a sprig of thyme. Cover with two quarts of boiling water, and simmer for two hours, skimming when necessary; add two teaspoons of salt after meat has cooked one hour. Remove meat to a roasting pan, sprinkle with salt and pepper, dredge with flour, and roast in a hot oven about half an hour. To the drippings in the pan add four tablespoons of flour and stir until brown; add one and a half cups of stock which has been strained and had fat removed; stir until smooth and serve with meat. The left over stock should be used for soups and sauces. The forequarter of lamb, although quite fat, is tender and of good flavor, and costs much less than a leg of lamb.

140.—BROWN FRICASSEE OF FOWL

Clean, singe, and cut up a four-pound fowl, place in a kettle, cover with boiling water, add one whole onion, and one carrot cut in halves, and cook slowly for three hours, or until tender; add two teaspoons of salt when half cooked; remove fowl, season with salt and pepper, dredge with flour, and brown in one-quarter of a pound of fat salt pork tried out in the frying pan. Remove fowl to platter, and make a sauce in the pan with four tablespoons of fat, five tablespoons of flour browned together, and two cups of stock. Pour over fowl, and garnish with toast points or small, thin baking powder biscuit. The remainder of the stock may be used for soup or sauce, or for Celery Toast (see No. 462).

141.—ROAST FOWL

Clean and singe a five-pound fowl; stuff with Bread Stuffing (see No. 208), truss, place on a trivet in a pan suited to the size of the fowl, dredge with flour, cover with thin slices of fat salt pork, and bake in a slow oven three hours, basting every fifteen minutes. Put into the pan the chicken fat (which was removed when cleaning) and use for basting. Dredge with flour twice while cooking. Cook the giblets in boiling water one hour, and chop fine; make a gravy in the pan, allowing four tablespoons each of fat and flour, and the water in which giblets were cooked, with enough boiling water added to make two cups; season with salt and pepper, and add the giblets. If cooked slowly and basted often, a fowl will be as tender as a chicken.

142.—CHICKEN PIE

Use the remnants of cold roast or fricasseed fowl. If roast fowl is used, make stock by covering bones and left-over gravy with cold water and simmering an hour or more; to three cups of stock add one-half onion chopped, two potatoes cut in half-inch cubes, one teaspoon salt, and one-eighth teaspoon pepper, and boil fifteen minutes; thicken with one-half cup of flour mixed to a paste with cold water; put chicken in a baking dish, add stock and potato, and cover with small biscuit made by Baking Powder Biscuit (see No. 424) or Shortcake (see No. 441) recipes. Bake in a hot oven about twenty minutes or until biscuit are done. If the amount of chicken is scant, add one or two hard-cooked eggs sliced.

143.—POTTED PIGEONS

4 pigeons ½ teaspoon salt

Bread Stuffing (see No. 208) 1/8 teaspoon pepper

4 tablespoons bacon fat 2 cups boiling water

½ onion sliced 3 tablespoons flour

½ carrot sliced 4 tablespoons cold water

1 cup celery tops

Clean pigeons, wipe dry, stuff, and truss neatly into shape. Brown in hot bacon fat in the frying pan, and place in a casserole dish or bean pot; add vegetables, seasonings, and boiling water. Cover, and bake in a slow oven three hours. Remove pigeons to serving dish, thicken the stock with the flour mixed to a paste with cold water; cook ten minutes, strain, and pour over pigeons. The giblets may be cooked in boiling salted water about ten minutes, chopped, and added to the sauce.

144.—COUNTRY CLUB RABBIT

Cut a young rabbit in pieces for serving; sprinkle with salt and pepper; dip in flour, then in egg, and coat thickly with crumbs; put into a well-greased baking pan, and bake in a hot oven about half an hour, basting often with bacon fat. Arrange rabbit on serving dish, and make a brown sauce in the pan, using three tablespoons each of bacon fat and flour, one teaspoon of grated onion, and one and one-half cups of stock, milk, or boiling water. Season with one-half teaspoon of salt, one-fourth teaspoon paprika, and two tablespoons tomato ketchup.

145.—CASSEROLE OF RABBIT AND OKRA

3 slices bacon ¼ teaspoon pepper

1 rabbit 2 cups boiling water

1 onion finely chopped 1 cup tomatoes

3 tablespoons flour 1 pint okra sliced

1¼ teaspoons salt

Cut bacon into one-inch pieces, and cook in frying pan until brown; remove bacon; cut rabbit in pieces for serving and soak half an hour in cold salted water; drain, dredge with flour, brown in bacon fat, and put with cooked bacon in a casserole dish; cook onion in bacon fat until brown; add flour, salt, pepper, and

boiling water; stir until smooth, and pour over rabbit; add tomato and okra, sprinkle with salt; cover, and bake in a moderate oven one hour and a half.

146.—ROAST PORK

Have the bone removed from a six-pound fresh shoulder of pork; wash, dry, and stuff with Bread Stuffing (see No. 208) or Peanut Stuffing (see No. 211); season with salt and pepper, dredge with flour, and roast in a moderate oven about two and three-quarters hours. Baste often, and be sure oven is not too hot, as pork must cook slowly. This is an excellent cut, and less expensive than the loin or fresh leg. Strain the fat and add it to the frying fat, or use in place of lard. Have the bones sent and use for stock. Serve with Dark Red Apple Sauce (see No. 663).

147.—PORK CHOPS BAKED WITH POTATOES

Pare potatoes, and cut in thin slices; wash, drain, season with salt and pepper, and put into a baking dish; cover with small pork chops from which part of the fat has been removed; dust with salt, pepper, and flour; add half a cup of boiling water, and bake in a hot oven about forty minutes. Turn chops when half cooked.

148.—SAUSAGE CAKES

½ pound sausage meat 1/3 cup hot water

1 teaspoon grated onion 1/3 cup sifted crumbs

¼ teaspoon salt

Mix well, shape into small flat cakes, roll in crumbs, and bake in a hot oven about twenty minutes, or until brown.

149.—SAUSAGE CAKES BAKED WITH APPLE

1 pound sausage meat 4 apples

Shape meat into small flat cakes, and put in the center of a dripping pan; core apples, cut into half-inch slices, and put around sausage. Bake in a hot oven until brown, basting frequently with the fat from the sausage.

150.—SAUSAGES WITH OYSTERS AND EGGS

4 small sausages 2 eggs slightly beaten

1 teaspoon grated onion ¼ teaspoon salt

1 cup small oysters

Cut sausages into half-inch bias slices, and cook with onion in a hot frying pan until brown; add oysters, and cook until edges ruffle; add eggs and salt, and scramble until firm.

151.—BREAKFAST BACON

Lay slices of bacon close together on a fine wire broiler, place broiler over a dripping pan, and bake in a hot oven about ten minutes or until bacon is brown and crisp. Avoid burning. Save fat for cooking.

152.—BROILED HAM

Ham for broiling should be cut in very thin slices. Trim off superfluous fat, cover ham with lukewarm water, and stand on back of range for fifteen minutes; dry, and broil over clear fire until fat is brown.

153.—BAKED SLICED HAM

Order a small slice of ham cut an inch and a half thick; cover with warm water, and place on the back of the range for an hour. Drain ham, cover with a mixture of two tablespoons of flour, two tablespoons of brown sugar, one-half teaspoon of mustard, and a dash of cayenne. Put a few small bits of the fat on top, and bake twenty-five minutes in a moderate oven. Place ham on platter, pour off fat in the pan, add one-fourth cup of cider or weak vinegar; bring to boiling point, and pour around ham.

154.—HAM LOAF

1 pound raw ham 2 beaten eggs

1 cup dried crumbs ¼ teaspoon mustard

1 cup boiling water ¼ teaspoon salt

Put ham, including the fat, through meat chopper; add crumbs, water, eggs, and seasonings; mix well, and bake in a small bread pan, in a slow oven, an hour and a half; or cook in steamer two hours.

155.—ROAST BREAST OF VEAL STUFFED

Have a pocket cut in veal, wash, dry, and stuff with Crust Stuffing (see No. 209); skewer neatly into shape, dredge with flour, season with salt and pepper, and cover with two thin slices of fat salt pork; place on rack in dripping pan, and roast in a moderate oven two hours, basting often. Serve with gravy made from drippings in the pan, three tablespoons of flour, and one and one-half cups of water. Season with salt and pepper, and strain.

156.—VEAL WITH VEGETABLES

3 pounds knuckle of veal 2 cups hot water ½ cup each of finely chopped onion, carrot, turnip, and

celery1¼ teaspoons salt ¼ cup pearl barley¼ teaspoon paprika

Order veal cut in three-inch lengths; remove meat from bone, and put in a casserole dish; add vegetables, barley (which has been soaked for an hour in cold water), hot water, and seasonings; place the pieces of bone, cut edge down, on top; cover closely, and bake in a moderate oven two and a half hours. Remove the bones before serving.

157.—VEAL LOAF (Baked)

2½ pounds raw veal 1 cup dried and sifted crumbs

¼ pound salt pork ½ cup boiling water

½ teaspoon pepper ½ cup milk

2 teaspoons salt

Put veal and pork through the meat chopper; add pepper, salt, crumbs, water, and

milk. Mix well, press into a deep pan, cover with paper, and bake slowly for two hours. Serve hot or cold. A teaspoon each of poultry seasoning and grated onion may be added.

158.—VEAL LOAF (Boiled)

4 pounds knuckle of veal 4 cups hot water

1 onion ½ package gelatine

1 bay leaf ¼ cup cold water

4 cloves Juice of 1 lemon

2½ teaspoons salt 1 hard-boiled egg

½ teaspoon pepper 2 gherkins

Cook veal with seasonings in hot water until meat is very tender; strain, remove fat and bone, and chop meat; soak gelatine in cold water, add to strained stock in which meat was cooked, add meat and lemon juice, cool, and turn into deep pan which has been garnished with slices of hard-boiled egg and pickles sliced lengthwise. Put in the ice-box for several hours before serving.

159.—POTTED HEAD

1 calf's head ½ teaspoon paprika

1 pound lean fresh pork 1 teaspoon onion juice

6 cups boiling water 1 teaspoon poultry seasoning

1¾ teaspoons salt

Have head split and dressed at the market; singe, wash well, put in kettle with pork and boiling water, cover, and simmer three hours. Remove bones, and put meat through chopper; reduce stock to one and one-half cups, strain, and add, with seasonings, to the meat. Press into a bread pan and put in a cold place. Serve sliced cold, or dip slices in egg and crumbs, and fry in deep fat.

160.—BRAISED LIVER

3 pounds liver ½ teaspoon salt

1½-inch cube salt pork 1/8 teaspoon pepper

1/3 cup onion finely chopped 2 cups boiling water

1/3 cup celery finely chopped ¼ cup flour

1/3 cup carrots finely chopped

Soak liver in cold salted water for half an hour, scald, remove skin, and dredge with flour; cut pork in thin slices, and try out in frying pan; brown liver in pork fat, and place in an earthen dish or kettle, add vegetables, seasonings, and water which has first been put in the frying pan; cover closely, and bake three hours in a slow oven, adding water if necessary; remove liver, and thicken gravy and vegetables with one-fourth cup of flour mixed to a paste with cold water.

161.—BROWN FRICASSEE OF LIVER

1 pound liver 4 tablespoons flour

2 cups boiling water ¾ teaspoon salt

2 tablespoons bacon fat ¼ teaspoon paprika

1 tablespoon grated onion 6 slices of toast

Cut liver into half-inch cubes, and soak in cold salted water fifteen minutes; drain; cover with the boiling water, and simmer six minutes; cook bacon fat, onion, and flour until brown; add seasonings, and stock in which liver was cooked; stir until smooth; add liver, and pour over toast or small, thin baking powder biscuit.

162.—CHICKEN LIVERS AND BACON

Cook chicken livers in boiling salted water fifteen minutes; put each liver on half of a slice of bacon, fold other half over liver, and bake in a hot oven until bacon is crisp; moisten slices of toast with the stock in which livers were cooked, and serve two pieces of bacon and livers on toast for each person.

163.—FRIED LAMB'S LIVER AND BACON

Cut liver in one-third-inch slices; soak in cold water for half an hour; drain, dry, and cook in hot deep fat, with six slices of bacon, until brown.

164.—LAMBS' KIDNEYS IN BROWN SAUCE

6 lambs' kidneys ¼ teaspoon paprika

1½ cups boiling water ½ teaspoon onion juice

1½ tablespoons butter 1 teaspoon Worcestershire sauce

3 tablespoons flour Few drops kitchen bouquet

½ teaspoon salt 6 slices of toast

Split kidneys and soak in cold water half an hour; drain; cover with boiling water, and simmer five minutes; skim out of water, and cut in small dice; brown the butter, add the flour, and brown well; add the water in which the kidneys were cooked, and stir until smooth; add kidneys and seasonings, and serve on toast.

165.—DEVILLED KIDNEYS

6 lambs' kidneys, split 1 tablespoon Worcestershire sauce 3 tablespoons drippings 1 teaspoon mustard

1 tablespoon chopped onion ¼ teaspoon salt

3 tablespoons flour Dash of cayenne

1 cup water or stock

Scald, skin, and split kidneys; cook with fat and onion five minutes, and remove from the pan. To the fat in the pan add flour, and stir until brown; add liquid, and stir until smooth; add seasonings and kidneys. Serve on toast or with mashed potato border.

166.—SPANISH TRIPE

1 pound fresh boiled tripe ½ cup chopped white cabbage

½ can tomatoes ¾ teaspoon salt

½ onion chopped Few grains cayenne

½ green pepper chopped 2 slices bacon

Cut tripe in small pieces for serving and put in greased casserole dish; scald tomatoes, add onion, pepper, cabbage, and seasonings; pour over tripe; cut bacon into bits, put on top, and bake in a moderate oven one hour.

167.—TRIPE FRIED IN BATTER

1 pound fresh boiled tripe 1 cup flour

1 slice onion 1½ teaspoons baking powder

2 cloves ¼ teaspoon salt

½ bay leaf 1 egg well beaten

1 tablespoon vinegar 1/3 cup water

Cut tripe in pieces the size of a large oyster, cover with boiling water, add seasonings, simmer fifteen minutes, and drain. Make a batter of flour, baking powder, salt, egg, and water. Dry each piece of tripe, dip in batter, and fry in deep fat for one minute. Serve with Sauce Tartare (see No. 202) or Russian Dressing (see No. 341).

168.—TRIPE FRIED IN CRUMBS

Prepare tripe as for Tripe Fried in Batter (see No. 167); dip each piece of tripe first in tomato ketchup, then in crumbs, then in beaten egg, and then in crumbs again. Fry in deep fat for one minute, and drain on soft paper.

WARMED-OVER MEATS

169.—SAVORY BEEF

1½ cups tomatoes 1½ cups cold roast beef

1/3 cup beef gravy 2 cups cooked spaghetti

½ onion ½ cup bread crumbs

4 cloves 2 tablespoons beef drippings

1 teaspoon salt 1 tablespoon butter

1/8 teaspoon pepper

Simmer tomatoes, gravy, and seasonings for fifteen minutes, and press through a sieve; add beef cut in small pieces, and spaghetti, and pour into a greased baking dish; cover with crumbs which have been mixed with the drippings and butter melted together. Bake in a moderate oven about fifteen minutes. A can of condensed tomato soup may be used in place of the tomato sauce. Any meat may

be used.

170.—SCALLOPED CORNED BEEF

2 tablespoons beef drippings 1 cup corned beef stock

5 tablespoons flour ¾ cup hot milk

1 teaspoon grated onion 1½ cups corned beef cut in half-inch cubes ¼ teaspoon paprika ½ cup Buttered Crumbs (see No. 472) ¼ teaspoon celery salt

Melt drippings, add flour, onion, and seasonings, and cook two minutes; add stock and milk, and stir until smooth; add meat, and put into a greased baking dish; cover with crumbs, and bake until crumbs are brown.

171.—BAKED HAM AND POTATO

3 cups well-seasoned mashed potato 6 pimolas chopped

1 cup chopped cooked ham ½ cup hot milk

1 teaspoon grated onion ¼ cup crumbs

1 teaspoon chopped parsley 1 tablespoon bacon fat

½ teaspoon mustard

Mix potato, ham, seasonings, and milk, put into a greased baking dish, cover with crumbs which have been mixed with melted bacon fat, and bake in a hot oven until brown; or prepare half of mixture, spread in egg shirrers, make a depression with the back of a spoon, and into it carefully break an egg; cover with crumbs, and bake until egg is set.

172.—HAM MOUSSE

1½ cups chopped cooked ham 1 teaspoon mixed mustard

½ cup soft bread crumbs ¼ teaspoon paprika

1 tablespoon gelatine Whites of 2 eggs

1 cup hot milk

Mix ham with bread crumbs; dissolve the gelatine in the hot milk, and add to

crumbs with mustard and paprika; beat the whites of eggs very stiff and fold lightly into mixture. Put into a deep pan or mold, and place on ice until firm. A little salt may be needed.

173.—CORNED BEEF HASH WITH BEETS

1½ cups corned beef ¾ teaspoon salt

2 cups cooked potatoes 1 teaspoon Worcestershire sauce

½ cup cooked beets ¼ cup stock or water

1 teaspoon grated onion 2 tablespoons beef drippings

Have meat, potatoes, and beets coarsely chopped; add seasonings and stock; melt fat in frying pan, and, when very hot, add hash; cook slowly until a rich brown crust is formed; fold, and serve on a hot platter. If meat is very fat, use less fat in frying pan.

174.—SAVORY HASH (Baked)

1 cup cold meat cut fine 1 cup tomatoes

2 cups cold cooked potatoes ¾ teaspoon salt

½ onion finely chopped 1/8 teaspoon pepper

2 stalks celery chopped, or 2 tablespoons melted bacon fat or beef drippings ¼ teaspoon celery salt

Mix, and bake in casserole in moderate oven forty-five minutes. 175.—SOUTHERN HASH

4 raw potatoes ¾ cup stock or water

2 green peppers 1½ cups cold chopped beef

2 tomatoes Salt and pepper

1 onion Toast points

Put vegetables through the meat chopper, using coarse cutter; cook in the stock, covered, until tender; add beef, salt, and pepper, and when hot turn on a platter and garnish with toast points. If corned beef and stock are used, use salt with

care.

176.—LIVER PATTIES

2 cups chopped cooked liver Salt and pepper

2 cups mashed potato Coarse stale bread crumbs 2 tablespoons finely chopped pickles

Mix liver, potato, and pickles, and season with salt and pepper. Grease patty pans or cups; sprinkle with crumbs, and fill with mixture. Bake fifteen minutes in a hot oven, turn out on serving dish, and serve with Brown Sauce (see No. 185) or Tomato Sauce (see No. 203).

177.—MEAT AND TOMATO PIE

2 cups cooked meat cut in inch pieces ½ cup gravy or stock

1 can tomatoes drained ½ teaspoon onion juice Salt and pepper 1 teaspoon Worcestershire sauce ¼ cup fine crumbs Quick Drop Biscuit (see No. 429)

In a deep dish arrange in alternate layers meat and tomatoes cut in pieces; season each layer with salt and pepper, and sprinkle with crumbs; add onion and Worcestershire sauce to gravy, and pour over all; bake twenty minutes in a hot oven; remove from oven, and drop biscuit mixture by spoonfuls on top; bake about fifteen minutes longer. Use tomato juice for soup or sauce.

178.—MEAT SOUFFLÉ

½ cup dry bread crumbs ½ onion chopped fine 1½ cups hot stock or milk 1½ teaspoons salt 1 tablespoon butter ½ teaspoon paprika 1½ cups chopped meat Yolks of 2 eggs

1 cup celery or white cabbage chopped fine Whites of 2 eggs

Mix in the order given, beating the yolks until thick and light, and the whites until very stiff. Bake in a moderate oven about half an hour. Any left-over meat

may be used.

179.—MEAT SHORTCAKE

1½ cups cooked meat chopped ¼ teaspoon paprika

½ cup celery tops chopped ½ teaspoon dry mustard

1 teaspoon grated onion 1 cup meat gravy or thickened stock ¼ teaspoon salt

Mix ingredients, simmer for fifteen minutes, and put between layers of Shortcake (see No. 441).